Authorities Cited: United States Code 22 U.S.C. § 2371 22 U.S.C. § 2371(a) 28 U.S.C. § 1291 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(2) 28 U.S.C. § 1602 28 U.S.C. § 1604 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(7) 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(7)(A) 28 U.S.C. § 1606 Supreme Court 137 U.S. 202 143 U.S. 649 220 U.S. 506 260 U.S. 226, 233 276 U.S. 394, 409 287 U.S. 12, 24 293 U.S. 388 295 U.S. 495, 529 299 U.S. 304 319 U.S. 190 321 U.S. 414 334 U.S. 742 338 U.S. 537 376 U.S. 398, 410 381 U.S. 1 454 U.S. 100, 125 488 U.S. 361, 372 531 U.S. 457, 472-475 534 U.S. 506, 513 545 U.S. 546, 552 Circuit Courts 18 F.3d 1355 66 F.3d 1140 115 F.3d 1020, 1028 216 F.3d 29, 31 294 F.3d 82, 93-94 327 F.3d 1210, 1215 376 F.3d 1123, 1126-1127 461 F.3d 461, 474 515 F.3d 1279, 1282 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(1) Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e) Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b) 374 F. Supp. 2d 1, 15 412 F. Supp. 2d 99 701 F. Supp. 744, 747