Authorities Cited: United States Code 22 U.S.C. § 2370(e)(2) 28 U.S.C. § 1332 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(3) 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(7) 28 U.S.C. § 1610(a)(3) Supreme Court 298 U.S. 178 327 U.S. 678, 682-683 330 U.S. 501, 509 330 U.S. 731, 735 376 U.S. 398, 428 425 U.S. 682, 691 454 U.S. 235, 255 493 U.S. 400, 404-405 504 U.S. 607 513 U.S. 527, 537-538 526 U.S. 687, 721 541 U.S. 677 546 U.S. 500, 513 Circuit Courts 705 F.2d 250, 255-256 770 F.2d 1385, 1396-1397 798 F.2d 736 806 F.2d 344, 359 807 F.2d 820 823 F.2d 608, 618 833 F.2d 431 862 F.2d 1355, 1361 965 F.2d 699, 712-713 991 F.2d 1012, 1016 75 F.3d 668, 677-678 85 F.3d 675, 679-680 163 F.3d 1363, 1367 179 F.3d 1279, 1290 239 F.3d 440 317 F.3d 954, 968 323 F.3d 920, 925 373 F.3d 1035, 1040 376 F.3d 1123, 1126-1131 411 F.3d 296, 303 416 F.3d 83, 88 449 F.3d 1254, 1258 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d) Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b) Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 114 F. Supp. 2d 117, 130 142 F. Supp. 2d 1187, 1203 466 F. Supp. 2d 6, 10-31 650 F. Supp. 1463 960 F. Supp. 1311, 1319 999 F. Supp. 1265, 1271-1273