Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 379 U.S. 89, 91 388 U.S. 218, 228 436 U.S. 658 469 U.S. 221, 232 483 U.S. 635, 641 533 U.S. 194 543 U.S. 146, 153-156 Circuit Courts 681 F.2d 1127, 1131 738 F.2d 1005, 1008 912 F.2d 337, 342 946 F.2d 630, 646 984 F.2d 214, 218 988 F.2d 868, 873 993 F.2d 161, 163 21 F.3d 1462, 1468 23 F.3d 1483, 1487 47 F.3d 277, 284 60 F.3d 469, 476 76 F.3d 292, 294-295 110 F.3d 716, 719 204 F.3d 947, 953-959 248 F.3d 851, 861-862 259 F.3d 1101, 1106-1107 263 F.3d 1092, 1097-1098 279 F.3d 883, 886 282 F.3d 633, 639 287 F.3d 846, 851 308 F.3d 939, 955 315 F.3d 1081, 1086-1090 335 F.3d 970 356 F.3d 751, 757 359 F.3d 171, 182 374 F.3d 773, 780 415 F.3d 1068, 1072 432 F.3d 1072, 1081-1082 473 F.3d 1026, 1032 482 F.3d 1067, 1072-1073 484 F.3d 1142, 1161 485 F.3d 463, 481-489 485 F.3d 1100, 1107 504 F.3d 1323, 1324 510 F.3d 1161, 1167 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B) Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1) Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a)(1) Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)(1)