Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 164 U.S. 492, 501-502 372 U.S. 108, 119 387 U.S. 86, 87-88 512 U.S. 415, 432 532 U.S. 424, 436 538 U.S. 408, 418 Circuit Courts 219 F.2d 825, 831-832 326 F.2d 701, 704 824 F.2d 1537, 1545 828 F.2d 510, 512 861 F.2d 1012 5 F.3d 412, 415 270 F.3d 1215, 1239 320 F.3d 1052, 1058 344 F.3d 920 350 F.3d 967, 970 428 F.3d 629, 636 431 F.3d 1268, 1287-1288 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 49(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b) 136 F. Supp. 2d 1113 276 F. Supp. 2d 1030