Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1981 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a) Supreme Court 311 U.S. 538, 541 416 U.S. 232, 236 485 U.S. 624, 630 524 U.S. 775, 787-788 534 U.S. 506, 512-515 536 U.S. 101, 115 Circuit Courts 503 F.2d 376, 381-382 788 F.2d 571, 574 901 F.2d 696, 699 940 F.2d 1561, 1565 79 F.3d 859 158 F.3d 1022, 1033-1034 217 F.3d 1104, 1110 229 F.3d 917, 924 281 F.3d 1004, 1009 320 F.3d 1023, 1028 339 F.3d 792, 797-798 360 F.3d 1103, 1117 373 F.3d 998, 1012-1013 415 F.3d 1068, 1073-1074 504 F.3d 903, 910 516 F.3d 759 517 F.3d 1120, 1130 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1)