Authorities Cited: United States Code 46 U.S.C. § 971 46 U.S.C. § 31301 46 U.S.C. § 31341 46 U.S.C. § 31342 Supreme Court 148 U.S. 1, 9 189 U.S. 185, 193-194 254 U.S. 1, 11 310 U.S. 268, 271-273 345 U.S. 571 358 U.S. 354, 382 407 U.S. 1, 12-13 542 U.S. 155 543 U.S. 1, 8 Circuit Courts 480 F.2d 1024 642 F.2d 5, 7 658 F.2d 363, 366-368 694 F.2d 1191 793 F.2d 598, 602-603 805 F.2d 42, 44-46 837 F.2d 291, 293 966 F.2d 613 22 F.3d 839, 844 123 F.3d 1287, 1296 256 F.3d 895, 914-916 260 F.3d 1067, 1069 296 F.3d 350 465 F.3d 144, 147 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f) 177 F. Supp. 2d 411, 415 712 F. Supp. 1542, 1545-1548 930 F. Supp. 210, 219