Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 164 U.S. 492, 501 Circuit Courts 251 F.2d 523, 527-528 711 F.2d 1510, 1513 819 F.2d 185, 189 904 F.2d 436, 439 931 F.2d 334, 339 961 F.2d 776, 780 4 F.3d 650, 652 5 F.3d 660 110 F.3d 1501, 1505 165 F.3d 1071, 1082-1083 254 F.3d 706, 711 262 F.3d 759, 762 297 F.3d 727, 735 442 F.3d 637, 639 460 F.3d 1047, 1054 475 F.3d 982, 992 481 F.3d 1085, 1098 514 F.3d 825, 829 29 F. Supp. 2d 346, 355 88 F. Supp. 2d 799, 811 117 F. Supp. 2d 889, 905 197 F. Supp. 2d 931 267 F. Supp. 2d 1059, 1071-1072 304 F. Supp. 2d 1076, 1081 433 F. Supp. 2d 811, 822-823