Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 424 U.S. 800 477 U.S. 317, 324 496 U.S. 384, 404 Circuit Courts 958 F.2d 219, 223 87 F.3d 256, 260 173 F.3d 1076, 1085 345 F.3d 1030, 1033 361 F.3d 482, 487 450 F.3d 822, 829 460 F.3d 1004, 1008 468 F.3d 500, 512 513 F.3d 827, 829 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(1) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)