Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1981 Supreme Court 396 U.S. 229, 236 530 U.S. 392, 412 549 U.S. 199, 215 Circuit Courts 506 F.2d 956, 959 783 F.2d 716, 724 844 F.2d 391, 399-400 882 F.2d 274, 280 7 F.3d 12, 20 11 F.3d 1371, 1377-1378 87 F.3d 176, 184 122 F.3d 692, 708 159 F.3d 186, 192 167 F.3d 1106, 1113 288 F.3d 1005, 1009-1010 339 F.3d 359, 366 341 F.3d 627, 630-631 360 F.3d 630, 636 423 F.3d 347, 354-355 443 F.3d 922, 926 460 F.3d 859, 860 473 F.3d 237, 248-250 526 F.3d 1074, 1086 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(3) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) 518 F. Supp. 993, 1007-1008