Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 433 U.S. 321 476 U.S. 267 499 U.S. 187, 201 518 U.S. 515 528 U.S. 62, 86 548 U.S. 53, 68 Circuit Courts 442 F.2d 385, 388 834 F.2d 697, 701-704 838 F.2d 944, 952-953 859 F.2d 1523 10 F.3d 875 68 F.3d 223, 226 69 F.3d 144 87 F.3d 916 145 F.3d 1109, 1110-1111 184 F.3d 597, 600 202 F.3d 913, 918 241 F.3d 919, 933 384 F.3d 912, 915 391 F.3d 737, 747-761 416 F.3d 540, 546 474 F.3d 493, 499 496 F.3d 645, 653-655 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a) 615 F. Supp. 804, 809