Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1981 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 408 U.S. 564, 576-578 419 U.S. 565 438 U.S. 265, 287 443 U.S. 55, 64 453 U.S. 1, 20-21 470 U.S. 532, 541 479 U.S. 418, 423-429 481 U.S. 604, 609-613 499 U.S. 187, 197-200 520 U.S. 329, 346-348 Circuit Courts 953 F.2d 650 990 F.2d 928, 930-932 89 F.3d 285, 289-291 91 F.3d 922 135 F.3d 1260, 1272-1273 182 F.3d 512, 515-517 244 F.3d 1253, 1258-1260 295 F.3d 701, 705-706 342 F.3d 684, 691-692 342 F.3d 1281, 1289 367 F.3d 668, 672-675 371 F.3d 928, 941-943 378 F.3d 705, 708-710 414 F.3d 731, 733-736 417 F.3d 845, 853-854 422 F.3d 141, 149 460 F.3d 946, 951-952 461 F.3d 844 479 F.3d 908, 921 521 F.3d 130, 138-139 136 F. Supp. 2d 1295, 1304 713 F. Supp. 403, 405-408 795 F. Supp. 860, 865