Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 479 U.S. 36, 46-53 530 U.S. 466 531 U.S. 1135 542 U.S. 296 543 U.S. 220 544 U.S. 349, 365 Circuit Courts 768 F.2d 790, 800-801 774 F.2d 807, 814 857 F.2d 367, 372-373 36 F.3d 708, 710 208 F.3d 638, 649 401 F.3d 471 403 F.3d 470, 473 405 F.3d 615, 619 419 F.3d 600, 610 435 F.3d 817, 819 438 F.3d 328, 335 440 F.3d 414, 415 458 F.3d 606, 612 466 F.3d 585, 593 470 F.3d 390, 404 Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Fed. R. Crim. P. 1(a)(1) Fed. R. Crim. P. 36