Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 427 U.S. 215, 225 452 U.S. 337, 347 477 U.S. 242, 255 477 U.S. 317, 322-323 490 U.S. 454, 459-460 501 U.S. 294, 302 511 U.S. 825, 834-847 515 U.S. 472, 483-486 545 U.S. 209, 222-224 Circuit Courts 639 F.2d 559, 568 668 F.2d 361, 363 699 F.2d 864, 869 821 F.2d 408, 414 895 F.2d 1149, 1153-1154 927 F.2d 844, 846-847 65 F.3d 555, 561 69 F.3d 144, 149 74 F.3d 812, 815 86 F.3d 630, 641 128 F.3d 1173, 1175-1176 130 F.3d 754, 760-762 231 F.3d 374, 379 242 F.3d 713, 723 259 F.3d 833, 836 279 F.3d 503, 506 291 F.3d 485, 489-491 302 F.3d 660, 666 337 F.3d 767, 771 342 F.3d 684, 693 368 F.3d 931, 934 388 F.3d 1092, 1098 391 F.3d 898, 902 405 F.3d 20 405 F.3d 602, 608-609 415 F.3d 678, 680 422 F.3d 570, 587 424 F.3d 542, 553 441 F.3d 543, 547 444 F.3d 579, 583-585 468 F.3d 488, 491-495 477 F.3d 910, 923 482 F.3d 923, 924 496 F.3d 812, 819 498 F.3d 734, 743 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)