Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 392 U.S. 1 470 U.S. 675, 687-688 486 U.S. 567, 573 512 U.S. 475, 484 512 U.S. 477 542 U.S. 177, 186 Circuit Courts 927 F.2d 1376, 1384 147 F.3d 577, 583 205 F.3d 951, 957 301 F.3d 610, 613 324 F.3d 488 360 F.3d 787, 798 435 F.3d 689, 691-692 466 F.3d 619, 621 467 F.3d 1057, 1063 507 F.3d 629, 635 509 F.3d 820, 827 512 F.3d 899, 900 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(4) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e)