Authorities Cited: United States Code 29 U.S.C. § 1140 Supreme Court 449 U.S. 250 454 U.S. 6 532 U.S. 268 Circuit Courts 716 F.2d 1167, 1172 959 F.2d 75, 79 979 F.2d 552 7 F.3d 665, 669 13 F.3d 1031, 1033 71 F.3d 637, 644 224 F.3d 607, 611 277 F.3d 936, 941-942 281 F.3d 640, 644 342 F.3d 774, 788 351 F.3d 317, 328-329 375 F.3d 552, 559 389 F.3d 708, 714 394 F.3d 977, 983 401 F.3d 803, 811 416 F.3d 540, 546-547 418 F.3d 788, 796 459 F.3d 804, 806 488 F.3d 773, 776 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) 86 F. Supp. 2d 377, 380