Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 408 U.S. 1, 11 435 U.S. 247 453 U.S. 951 457 U.S. 800, 818 460 U.S. 780 461 U.S. 95, 101-113 466 U.S. 789, 801 483 U.S. 635, 641 486 U.S. 414, 421-424 504 U.S. 555 520 U.S. 351, 359 523 U.S. 83, 102-103 525 U.S. 182 533 U.S. 194, 201-202 Circuit Courts 621 F.2d 809, 812 831 F.2d 673, 676 869 F.2d 989 5 F.3d 1399, 1403 40 F.3d 129, 135 49 F.3d 1154, 1158 97 F.3d 1536, 1552 203 F.3d 937, 951 226 F.3d 851 232 F.3d 135, 148-150 241 F.3d 614, 616-618 404 F.3d 950, 958-959 429 F.3d 254, 257 463 F.3d 518, 525-526 482 F.3d 886, 887-894 506 F.3d 422, 427 517 F.3d 433, 439 531 F.3d 1028, 1035-1036 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) 341 F. Supp. 2d 911, 916-921