Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 473 U.S. 172, 186 Circuit Courts 949 F.2d 890, 893-894 958 F.2d 1354, 1362-1363 970 F.2d 154 398 F.3d 868, 873 402 F.3d 342 454 F.3d 505, 509 456 F.3d 640, 642 490 F.3d 455, 467 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) 148 F. Supp. 2d 173, 185