Authorities Cited: United States Code 2 U.S.C. § 431 5 U.S.C. § 701 28 U.S.C. § 516 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a) Supreme Court 222 U.S. 274, 282 327 U.S. 92, 96 341 U.S. 384, 394-395 374 U.S. 321, 353 377 U.S. 58, 66 406 U.S. 441, 444 418 U.S. 683, 694 542 U.S. 55, 63-64 Circuit Courts 638 F.2d 1161 828 F.2d 1356, 1366 43 F.3d 244, 250 145 F.3d 850, 865 155 F.3d 799, 804 183 F.3d 542, 548-549 286 F.3d 340, 343 301 F.3d 688, 693 436 F.3d 644, 654 485 F.3d 840, 845 529 F.3d 1267 836 F.3d 1362, 1368 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)