Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 425 U.S. 185, 193 426 U.S. 438, 448 485 U.S. 224, 231-232 501 U.S. 1083, 1092 Circuit Courts 617 F.2d 1335, 1341 681 F.2d 111, 121 901 F.2d 624, 627 914 F.2d 1564, 1570 934 F.2d 1402, 1409 7 F.3d 357, 371-375 35 F.3d 1407, 1426 50 F.3d 615, 628 114 F.3d 1410, 1417-1418 123 F.3d 394, 400-402 174 F.3d 79, 84 183 F.3d 542, 550-553 188 F.3d 687, 691 251 F.3d 540, 551-555 257 F.3d 171, 179 267 F.3d 400, 415 290 F.3d 795, 798 311 F.3d 198, 224 364 F.3d 671, 680-696 381 F.3d 564, 570 392 F.3d 220, 229-235 399 F.3d 651, 668 413 F.3d 553, 560 420 F.3d 598, 609 466 F.3d 1255, 1266 495 F.3d 753, 757 497 F.3d 546, 554-555 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) 59 F. Supp. 2d 417, 429 115 F. Supp. 2d 620, 637-653 124 F. Supp. 2d 505, 514-515 149 F. Supp. 2d 334, 359 436 F. Supp. 2d 873, 894 525 F. Supp. 2d 922, 929 793 F. Supp. 543, 559 797 F. Supp. 1217, 1240