Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 339 U.S. 306, 313-314 417 U.S. 156, 173 484 U.S. 301, 304 536 U.S. 1, 10-14 Circuit Courts 908 F.2d 38, 42 8 F.3d 1370, 1373-1375 18 F.3d 1449, 1451-1454 35 F.3d 1056, 318-1061 262 F.3d 559, 566 262 F.3d 1089, 1110-1111 302 F.3d 799, 800 361 F.3d 566, 572 409 F.3d 279, 283 429 F.3d 935, 936-947 437 F.3d 482, 487 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(2)(B) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(1)