Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1981 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 427 U.S. 160 427 U.S. 273, 286 436 U.S. 658, 694 442 U.S. 560, 571 453 U.S. 247, 259 475 U.S. 469, 478 475 U.S. 574, 587 477 U.S. 242, 248 485 U.S. 112, 123 485 U.S. 617, 619 491 U.S. 164 491 U.S. 701 524 U.S. 775, 788 532 U.S. 275, 286 Circuit Courts 670 F.2d 66, 70 703 F.2d 1311, 1315 770 F.2d 63, 67 55 F.3d 151, 156 96 F.3d 1204, 1212-1214 103 F.3d 495, 508 154 F.3d 344, 352-355 183 F.3d 506, 512 222 F.3d 891, 894 229 F.3d 514, 522 229 F.3d 559, 563 266 F.3d 401, 405 314 F.3d 249, 257 344 F.3d 603, 614 355 F.3d 515, 533 370 F.3d 580, 587-588 441 F.3d 1129, 1136-1137 450 F.3d 476, 484 501 F.3d 592, 607 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) Federal Rules of Evidence Fed. R. Evid. 701