Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1332 28 U.S.C. § 1332 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1) 28 U.S.C. § 1441 28 U.S.C. § 1446 28 U.S.C. § 1446(a) 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d) Supreme Court 423 U.S. 336, 346-352 516 U.S. 124, 127-128 519 U.S. 61, 69 523 U.S. 83, 94 546 U.S. 500, 506 Circuit Courts 8 F.3d 219, 222-223 29 F.3d 292, 294-295 45 F.3d 128, 132-134 148 F.3d 396, 403 151 F.3d 164, 168 208 F.3d 445, 448-451 213 F.3d 819, 825-826 254 F.3d 1317, 1319-1321 346 F.3d 1190, 1193 460 F.3d 576, 582-587 477 F.3d 162, 170 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) Fed. R. Civ. P. 84