Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 260 U.S. 393 364 U.S. 40, 49 369 U.S. 345, 355 401 U.S. 37 406 U.S. 592, 608 430 U.S. 705, 711 438 U.S. 104, 124 439 U.S. 322, 326 477 U.S. 619, 627 481 U.S. 1 491 U.S. 350, 368-369 524 U.S. 498 544 U.S. 528 Circuit Courts 718 F.2d 845, 848 762 F.2d 368 800 F.2d 1308, 1313 838 F.2d 298 885 F.2d 1225, 1229 32 F.3d 785, 791 85 F.3d 178, 181-608 199 F.3d 694, 704 319 F.3d 151, 153 322 F.3d 1064, 1078-1080 396 F.3d 348 396 F.3d 385, 388-397 291 F. Supp. 2d 443, 455 929 F. Supp. 1162, 1164