Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1291 28 U.S.C. § 1331 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 380 U.S. 545, 552 407 U.S. 67, 81 443 U.S. 1, 17 451 U.S. 527, 539 452 U.S. 264, 300-302 477 U.S. 317, 322 494 U.S. 113, 1323 Circuit Courts 20 F.3d 1396, 1404 31 F.3d 860, 866 75 F.3d 1311 163 F.3d 15, 18-19 188 F.3d 56, 58-63 227 F.3d 107, 116-120 364 F.3d 135, 140 413 F.3d 359, 369 460 F.3d 447, 451 493 F.3d 345, 385 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) 474 F. Supp. 2d 638, 647-650