Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 111 U.S. 379, 382 507 U.S. 234, 251 523 U.S. 83, 95-245 547 U.S. 489, 509 Circuit Courts 584 F.2d 594, 598 633 F.2d 599 844 F.2d 916, 919-921 886 F.2d 1339, 1350 893 F.2d 525, 527 78 F.3d 53, 55 101 F.3d 247, 251-252 254 F.3d 424, 426 322 F.3d 187 357 F.3d 243, 246 449 F.3d 415, 420 521 F.3d 229 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 41 Fed. R. App. P. 41(b)