Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 370 U.S. 294, 325 Circuit Courts 280 F.2d 197 949 F.2d 42, 47 6 F.3d 261, 287 17 F.3d 229, 236 124 F.3d 430, 436-438 275 F.3d 191, 199-200 303 F.3d 429, 433 322 F.3d 147, 160 345 F.3d 154, 184 493 F.3d 87, 98 508 F.3d 106, 111-113 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) 178 F. Supp. 655, 661