Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 426 U.S. 438, 449-450 485 U.S. 224 544 U.S. 336, 341 Circuit Courts 571 F.2d 737, 741 828 F.2d 75, 78 918 F.2d 349, 360 967 F.2d 742, 748 163 F.3d 102, 107 191 F.3d 283, 292-293 295 F.3d 352, 357 366 F.3d 70, 77-79 435 F.3d 219, 225-226 471 F.3d 24, 40-42 487 F.3d 261, 270 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(f) 373 F. Supp. 2d 235