Authorities Cited: United States Code 15 U.S.C. § 621 Supreme Court 2 U.S. 679, 727 6 U.S. 1, 16 26 U.S. 507 344 U.S. 5 374 U.S. 398 388 U.S. 130, 143 403 U.S. 602, 613 406 U.S. 205 426 U.S. 4 440 U.S. 490 443 U.S. 595, 602 483 U.S. 327, 341-342 485 U.S. 439, 445 494 U.S. 872 521 U.S. 507, 532 530 U.S. 640, 648 543 U.S. 1, 8 546 U.S. 320 546 U.S. 418, 424 Circuit Courts 460 F.2d 553 494 F.2d 490 753 F.2d 1161 772 F.2d 1164, 1167-1171 789 F.2d 392 878 F.2d 1575 894 F.2d 1354, 1355-1358 929 F.2d 360 1 F.3d 167, 170 4 F.3d 166 7 F.3d 324, 328 83 F.3d 1 83 F.3d 455 173 F.3d 12 173 F.3d 343, 349 196 F.3d 940, 950-951 198 F.3d 173 203 F.3d 1299 213 F.3d 795 227 F.3d 1110, 1121 289 F.3d 648 294 F.3d 415, 427 320 F.3d 698, 704 363 F.3d 299 375 F.3d 951 441 F.3d 21 441 F.3d 96 442 F.3d 1036 462 F.3d 19 462 F.3d 294, 302-311 474 F.3d 11 474 F.3d 223 478 F.3d 100, 104 499 F.3d 165, 172 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) 440 F. Supp. 2d 211, 218