Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 509 U.S. 137, 147 548 U.S. 1, 8 548 U.S. 81, 93 549 U.S. 199 Circuit Courts 409 F.2d 362, 363 429 F.2d 1297, 1298 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 919 F.2d 1525, 1528-1529 159 F.3d 1321, 1323 380 F.3d 680, 688 438 F.3d 804, 811 458 F.3d 678, 686 484 F.3d 1236, 1240 510 F.3d 1312, 1322-1324 530 F.3d 1368, 1371-1374 532 F.3d 1270, 1277 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d)