Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1291 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 415 U.S. 36, 44 477 U.S. 242, 252 534 U.S. 516, 524-525 549 U.S. 199 Circuit Courts 598 F.2d 551, 552 645 F.2d 404, 413 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 670 F.2d 106, 108 817 F.2d 1469, 1469-1470 837 F.2d 365, 368-369 891 F.2d 1555, 1560 911 F.2d 1573, 1577 919 F.2d 1525, 1530 58 F.3d 1266, 1271 111 F.3d 105, 108 138 F.3d 878, 881-882 139 F.3d 1102, 1104 144 F.3d 719, 731 159 F.3d 1321, 1325-1326 179 F.3d 1311, 1312 196 F.3d 1190, 1192 198 F.3d 823, 828-833 212 F.3d 1205, 1207 216 F.3d 970, 982 218 F.3d 1247 232 F.3d 844, 846-848 247 F.3d 736, 740 291 F.3d 1278, 1279 302 F.3d 707, 713 304 F.3d 1030, 1032 315 F.3d 1108 326 F.3d 1352, 1357 362 F.3d 1133, 1139-1140 366 F.3d 85, 87-88 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 412 F.3d 1247, 1251 418 F.3d 1152, 1153-1159 465 F.3d 1267, 1275 467 F.3d 170, 173 510 F.3d 1312, 1322-1323 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d) Fed. R. Civ. P. 43(c) Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) 499 F. Supp. 2d 93, 94-99