Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1981 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 398 U.S. 144, 158-159 411 U.S. 792, 793-802 475 U.S. 335, 341 533 U.S. 194, 201-202 548 U.S. 53, 126 Circuit Courts 777 F.2d 1431, 1433 906 F.2d 667, 671 907 F.2d 1077, 1081 12 F.3d 1558, 1564 15 F.3d 1013, 1019 18 F.3d 610, 616-617 19 F.3d 586, 599 94 F.3d 632, 636 106 F.3d 1519, 1538 114 F.3d 181, 182 115 F.3d 1555, 1565-1566 133 F.3d 797, 801 141 F.3d 1453, 1456 163 F.3d 1236, 1249 186 F.3d 1328, 1332 210 F.3d 1334, 1338 212 F.3d 571, 587-590 245 F.3d 1232, 1239-1240 256 F.3d 1095, 1118 261 F.3d 1262, 1266 268 F.3d 1014, 1022 285 F.3d 1339, 1341-1342 311 F.3d 1340, 1350 321 F.3d 1299, 1301 330 F.3d 1313, 1316 341 F.3d 1261, 1268 361 F.3d 610 370 F.3d 1252, 1264 376 F.3d 1079, 1085 400 F.3d 883 446 F.3d 1160, 1161-1162 463 F.3d 773, 780-781