Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 341 U.S. 367, 376-377 350 U.S. 41, 45-46 355 U.S. 41, 47 414 U.S. 117, 128 424 U.S. 409, 419 435 U.S. 349, 354-355 438 U.S. 478, 506-508 445 U.S. 622, 644-645 445 U.S. 662 472 U.S. 511, 526 483 U.S. 635 484 U.S. 219, 223-229 500 U.S. 478, 483-496 507 U.S. 163, 113-166 509 U.S. 259, 261-268 523 U.S. 44, 54 Circuit Courts 505 F.2d 97, 99-100 625 F.2d 499, 502-505 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 751 F.2d 1472, 1473-1482 757 F.2d 676, 687-692 855 F.2d 783, 788-789 880 F.2d 305, 309 938 F.2d 565, 569 960 F.2d 1002, 1010 963 F.2d 1481, 1485 21 F.3d 1111 28 F.3d 93, 105 45 F.3d 402, 406 47 F.3d 1427, 1432 80 F.3d 559 99 F.3d 49, 58-59 132 F.3d 1359, 1367-1370 159 F.3d 9 159 F.3d 1209, 1213-1215 181 F.3d 1275, 1278-1279 211 F.3d 1346, 1350 258 F.3d 93, 104-106 268 F.3d 1014, 1022-1036 297 F.3d 1182, 1188 305 F.3d 1293, 1295 334 F.3d 991, 996 359 F.3d 1350, 1351-1353 388 F.3d 834, 837 409 F.3d 93, 97-100 468 F.3d 1306 481 F.3d 1295 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) 406 F. Supp. 2d 260, 263-264