Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 164 U.S. 492 523 U.S. 75, 81 524 U.S. 775 Circuit Courts 113 F.3d 1563, 1571 164 F.3d 1361, 1363-1364 202 F.3d 97 208 F.3d 1290, 1300-1301 212 F.3d 571, 585 246 F.3d 1305, 1313-1316 269 F.3d 1250, 1293 347 F.3d 1272, 1288-1291 355 F.3d 15 367 F.3d 1238, 1245 388 F.3d 820, 830 427 F.3d 1177, 1186 452 F.3d 670 454 F.3d 1203, 1210 480 F.3d 1287, 1300-1307 481 F.3d 1345, 1348 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(b) 153 F. Supp. 2d 378