Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1981 42 U.S.C. § 1983 42 U.S.C. § 1985 Supreme Court 418 U.S. 683, 710 426 U.S. 394, 405 445 U.S. 40, 47-50 470 U.S. 373 493 U.S. 182, 189-193 518 U.S. 1, 10-116 Circuit Courts 483 F.2d 300, 305-308 664 F.2d 1058, 1062-1063 710 F.2d 940, 944-945 726 F.2d 1150, 1160 745 F.2d 1406, 1416 114 F.3d 790, 793 169 F.3d 1310, 1315 207 F.3d 1303, 1326 211 F.3d 57, 67 259 F.3d 284, 289-291 376 F.3d 1079, 1091 378 F.3d 1154, 1159 Federal Rules of Evidence Fed. R. Evid. 501