Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 42 28 U.S.C. § 50 28 U.S.C. § 51 28 U.S.C. § 1332 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(1) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(1)(B) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(10) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(11) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(11)(a) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(11)(A) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(11)(B)(i) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(11)(B)(ii) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(11)(C) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(11)(D) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(3) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(4) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(5) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(5)(A) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(7) 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(9) 28 U.S.C. § 1367 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) 28 U.S.C. § 1441(d) 28 U.S.C. § 1446 28 U.S.C. § 1446(a) 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d) 28 U.S.C. § 1453 28 U.S.C. § 1453(b) 28 U.S.C. § 1453(c) 28 U.S.C. § 1453(c)(1) 28 U.S.C. § 1711(2) Supreme Court 255 U.S. 356 298 U.S. 178, 156-189 303 U.S. 283, 288 327 U.S. 678, 682 394 U.S. 332, 340 395 U.S. 402, 407 396 U.S. 168, 186 405 U.S. 699, 702 414 U.S. 291, 294-301 469 U.S. 70, 76 503 U.S. 249, 253 504 U.S. 555, 561 508 U.S. 223, 233 540 U.S. 443, 455 543 U.S. 157, 166 545 U.S. 546 546 U.S. 481 Circuit Courts 196 F.2d 455, 456 576 F.2d 593, 567-595 645 F.2d 404, 416 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 676 F.2d 1356, 1358 692 F.2d 727, 733 888 F.2d 779, 780-781 921 F.2d 1237, 1243 974 F.2d 1255, 1258 980 F.2d 564, 566 994 F.2d 364, 366 997 F.2d 150 72 F.3d 489, 494 77 F.3d 1353 102 F.3d 398, 404 122 F.3d 930, 933 156 F.3d 1030, 1036 168 F.3d 405, 412 194 F.3d 1072, 1078 204 F.3d 1069 216 F.3d 970, 972-976 230 F.3d 759, 761 230 F.3d 868, 871 243 F.3d 1277, 1281 269 F.3d 1316 281 F.3d 837, 839 288 F.3d 208, 211 357 F.3d 392, 398 362 F.3d 739, 746 410 F.3d 1350, 1352 427 F.3d 446, 448 432 F.3d 1346, 1354 443 F.3d 676 445 F.3d 801, 803-808 449 F.3d 1159, 1161-1164 450 F.3d 1322 462 F.3d 1317, 1319 464 F.3d 1260, 1264 471 F.3d 469, 473 472 F.3d 53, 58 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b) Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a) 74 F. Supp. 2d 925, 929 379 F. Supp. 2d 161, 168 381 F. Supp. 2d 1118, 1122 400 F. Supp. 2d 289, 293-295 460 F. Supp. 2d 1288 752 F. Supp. 753