Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 269 U.S. 385, 391 355 U.S. 41, 45 365 U.S. 43, 81 391 U.S. 563, 588 407 U.S. 104, 110 413 U.S. 49, 67 422 U.S. 205, 295 425 U.S. 238, 247-248 429 U.S. 274, 284 444 U.S. 348, 356 452 U.S. 61, 101 452 U.S. 640, 647 461 U.S. 138, 153 478 U.S. 697, 705 490 U.S. 19, 25 501 U.S. 560, 566 538 U.S. 343, 358 543 U.S. 77, 80-84 Circuit Courts 392 F.2d 822, 835 425 F.2d 469 425 F.2d 472 539 F.2d 349 726 F.2d 459, 470 734 F.2d 608, 610 865 F.2d 887, 892 890 F.2d 1557, 1569-1570 65 F.3d 1248, 1253 256 F.3d 1282, 1283-1284 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 422 F.3d 1255, 1259 432 F.3d 98, 111 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(c) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)