Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 392 U.S. 1, 19-20 422 U.S. 891, 895 428 U.S. 543, 555 440 U.S. 648, 654 462 U.S. 696, 703 471 U.S. 1, 8-12 483 U.S. 635, 638-640 489 U.S. 593, 596-599 490 U.S. 386, 109-397 520 U.S. 259, 271 533 U.S. 194, 201-202 536 U.S. 730 Circuit Courts 286 F. 963, 974 771 F.2d 1475, 1479 794 F.2d 1533, 1535 884 F.2d 1316, 1317-1318 914 F.2d 1355 954 F.2d 343 993 F.2d 1328 998 F.2d 923 7 F.3d 1552, 1559 17 F.3d 944, 949-950 53 F.3d 659, 661 54 F.3d 465, 473 117 F.3d 1318, 1320 121 F.3d 1442, 1446 139 F.3d 441, 446 189 F.3d 695, 703 206 F.3d 1156, 1170 283 F.3d 1275, 1282 284 F.3d 1188, 1193-1198 311 F.3d 1340, 1346-1351 321 F.3d 1069, 1077 334 F.3d 980, 985 340 F.3d 617, 623-624 343 F.3d 1323, 1328-1333 378 F.3d 1274, 1278-1279 381 F.3d 1243, 1248 406 F.3d 1307 407 F.3d 1152, 1160