Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 440 U.S. 332, 347 508 U.S. 656 532 U.S. 742, 749-751 Circuit Courts 644 F.2d 1059, 1062 728 F.2d 1402, 1406 746 F.2d 1437, 1440-1441 757 F.2d 1112, 1120-1121 775 F.2d 1565, 1568-1569 841 F.2d 1067, 1070-1071 842 F.2d 260, 263-264 881 F.2d 1570, 1573 905 F.2d 367, 370 928 F.2d 378, 381 941 F.2d 1574, 1581 951 F.2d 1217, 1218 986 F.2d 423, 427 997 F.2d 1028, 1038 66 F.3d 894, 904 85 F.3d 502, 512-513 94 F.3d 597, 604-605 108 F.3d 104, 109-110 123 F.3d 916 208 F.3d 969, 973 267 F.3d 1303 291 F.3d 1282, 1285-1286 358 F.3d 1312, 1323 365 F.3d 1268, 1271-1273 367 F.3d 1280, 1285 369 F.3d 1189, 1192 375 F.3d 51, 60-61 398 F.3d 879, 887 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 24 Fed. R. Civ. P. 50 7 F. Supp. 2d 1340 338 F. Supp. 2d 1299