Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 451 U.S. 477 470 U.S. 51, 58 479 U.S. 314, 107-320 497 U.S. 639, 649 530 U.S. 466 536 U.S. 584, 588-589 538 U.S. 971 Circuit Courts 382 F.2d 1308, 1310 744 F.2d 1553, 1556 763 F.2d 399, 400-401 815 F.2d 1435 835 F.2d 1567, 1573-1574 854 F.2d 394, 399 874 F.2d 1479, 1481 918 F.2d 1491 976 F.2d 679, 680 38 F.3d 1547, 1552 96 F.3d 473, 475 198 F.3d 1284, 1289 232 F.3d 825, 830-831 242 F.3d 989, 990 269 F.3d 1250 270 F.3d 1314, 1322 273 F.3d 991, 991-995 279 F.3d 947 291 F.3d 1291, 1294 302 F.3d 1280, 1289-1290 314 F.3d 1251 361 F.3d 1321, 1328 374 F.3d 1023 379 F.3d 1241 382 F.3d 1308, 1309 391 F.3d 1327 400 F.3d 1325 401 F.3d 1261, 1262-1263 403 F.3d 1242, 1246 404 F.3d 1283 405 F.3d 960 405 F.3d 1293, 1294 406 F.3d 1324, 1339-1340 407 F.3d 1170 407 F.3d 1183 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(5)