Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1981 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 411 U.S. 792, 802 450 U.S. 248, 253-256 491 U.S. 164, 186 509 U.S. 502, 509-511 530 U.S. 133, 143-148 Circuit Courts 656 F.2d 1337, 1344-1345 683 F.2d 339, 342 684 F.2d 769, 773 698 F.2d 1138, 1141 750 F.2d 867, 871 760 F.2d 132, 135 821 F.2d 478, 481 868 F.2d 59, 65 874 F.2d 1534, 1540 939 F.2d 1466, 1471 977 F.2d 527, 533 71 F.3d 2 97 F.3d 436, 439 132 F.3d 635, 644 146 F.3d 1286, 1291 158 F.3d 1177, 1192-1193 161 F.3d 1318, 1330 168 F.3d 1257, 1268 207 F.3d 1303, 1340 229 F.3d 1012, 1024-1035 238 F.3d 674, 681 256 F.3d 1095, 1107-1108 317 F.3d 564, 575 352 F.3d 422 367 F.3d 1238, 1243 390 F.3d 695, 725 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) 211 F. Supp. 2d 166, 170-171 955 F. Supp. 1406, 1418