Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1983 Supreme Court 422 U.S. 873, 878 436 U.S. 658, 698 457 U.S. 800, 818 471 U.S. 1, 7-12 489 U.S. 378, 387-389 490 U.S. 386, 394-396 533 U.S. 194, 200 536 U.S. 730, 741-743 Circuit Courts 846 F.2d 1328, 1333 939 F.2d 1479, 1487 94 F.3d 632, 638 121 F.3d 1456, 1460 132 F.3d 1395, 1400 142 F.3d 1402, 1406 151 F.3d 1346, 1350-1351 203 F.3d 1288 208 F.3d 919, 926-927 215 F.3d 1225, 1227 260 F.3d 1260, 1262-1266 261 F.3d 1160, 1170 272 F.3d 1272, 1284-1285 280 F.3d 1295, 1299 280 F.3d 1358, 1362 284 F.3d 1188, 1190-1199 311 F.3d 1340, 1349 321 F.3d 637, 639 321 F.3d 1299, 1301-1304 326 F.3d 1352, 1360-1361 338 F.3d 1259, 1268 343 F.3d 1323, 1329 370 F.3d 1252, 1264 377 F.3d 1164, 1167 381 F.3d 1243, 1249-1250 207 F. Supp. 2d 1371, 1377