Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 106 U.S. 629, 635 343 U.S. 306, 372 374 U.S. 203, 299 397 U.S. 664, 690 403 U.S. 602, 691 451 U.S. 1, 14-25 463 U.S. 783 468 U.S. 364 472 U.S. 703, 105-710 483 U.S. 203, 206-207 483 U.S. 327, 335-338 489 U.S. 1, 18-109 492 U.S. 573, 593 494 U.S. 872, 110-890 500 U.S. 173 505 U.S. 144, 167 523 U.S. 75, 82 526 U.S. 629, 651 529 U.S. 598, 607 532 U.S. 275 Circuit Courts 817 F.2d 1499, 1503 97 F.3d 499 187 F.3d 1324, 1328 197 F.3d 484, 495 272 F.3d 1318, 1329 314 F.3d 1062 323 F.3d 236, 250-251 344 F.3d 1288, 1293 348 F.3d 601 349 F.3d 257 355 F.3d 310 366 F.3d 1214 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b) 240 F. Supp. 2d 566, 577