Authorities Cited: United States Code 29 U.S.C. § 201 42 U.S.C. § 1981 Supreme Court 391 U.S. 253, 289 396 U.S. 531, 538-539 411 U.S. 792, 793 417 U.S. 156, 194 437 U.S. 463, 469 450 U.S. 248, 256 457 U.S. 147, 156-157 458 U.S. 375, 391 460 U.S. 711, 714 475 U.S. 574, 587 478 U.S. 385 490 U.S. 642, 651-657 530 U.S. 133, 142-143 539 U.S. 90, 94-123 Circuit Courts 494 F.2d 211, 256-260 634 F.2d 231, 234 634 F.2d 989 654 F.2d 382, 383 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 684 F.2d 1365, 1368-1369 698 F.2d 1138, 1142 700 F.2d 1339, 1347 704 F.2d 613, 621-624 706 F.2d 1144 709 F.2d 675, 679 718 F.2d 994 729 F.2d 1371, 1374 733 F.2d 1562, 1564 738 F.2d 968, 971 754 F.2d 955, 958 755 F.2d 1403, 1404 764 F.2d 1539, 1549-1552 784 F.2d 1546, 1554 827 F.2d 718, 722 829 F.2d 1563, 1568-1571 835 F.2d 793, 798 841 F.2d 1533, 1546 870 F.2d 578, 585 875 F.2d 1546, 1558 888 F.2d 732, 745 907 F.2d 1077, 1081 922 F.2d 766, 774 939 F.2d 946, 949-952 939 F.2d 1466, 1470 975 F.2d 1518, 1528-1529 15 F.3d 1013, 1021 19 F.3d 586, 599 24 F.3d 159, 168 43 F.3d 48, 56 44 F.3d 949, 956 89 F.3d 1562, 1572-1573 95 F.3d 1014, 1023 106 F.3d 1519, 1528-1538 110 F.3d 87, 95 113 F.3d 1203, 1208 115 F.3d 1555, 1564-1565 119 F.3d 1313, 1321 130 F.3d 999, 1005-1006 137 F.3d 1306, 1313 138 F.3d 1374, 1386 138 F.3d 1407, 1410 151 F.3d 402, 413-415 151 F.3d 1321 163 F.3d 1236, 1242 164 F.3d 277, 280-281 168 F.3d 1257, 1266 175 F.3d 861, 866 178 F.3d 1175, 1187 212 F.3d 571, 590 220 F.3d 898, 902 221 F.3d 1171, 1176 221 F.3d 1266, 1278-1279 223 F.3d 605, 613 226 F.3d 1249, 1253-1254 229 F.3d 57 232 F.3d 825, 830 232 F.3d 844, 848 234 F.3d 501, 507 244 F.3d 807, 811-812 247 F.3d 1158, 1164 247 F.3d 1172, 1183-1188 267 F.3d 147, 167 267 F.3d 1264, 1268 275 F.3d 1014, 1015 328 F.3d 309, 319 334 F.3d 1253, 1255-1258 340 F.3d 1200 341 F.3d 1273, 1283 342 F.3d 1281, 1289-1290 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(2) Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3) Fed. R. Civ. P. 26 Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B) Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1) Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) 267 F. Supp. 2d 987, 990-991 Federal Rules of Evidence Fed. R. Evid. 702