Authorities Cited: United States Code 18 U.S.C. § 1201 18 U.S.C. § 1201(a) 18 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(1) 18 U.S.C. § 3559(c) 18 U.S.C. § 3559(c)(1) 28 U.S.C. § 2111 Supreme Court 99 U.S. 645, 658 167 U.S. 409, 418 169 U.S. 366, 389-390 287 U.S. 45, 68 291 U.S. 97, 116 328 U.S. 750, 764-765 333 U.S. 257, 273 370 U.S. 31, 35 384 U.S. 436, 486 388 U.S. 14, 19 399 U.S. 78, 81-82 401 U.S. 222, 225 410 U.S. 284, 302 418 U.S. 683, 709 422 U.S. 225, 241 467 U.S. 479, 485 469 U.S. 45, 54-55 475 U.S. 157, 171-173 476 U.S. 683, 690 483 U.S. 44, 55-56 484 U.S. 400, 410-417 500 U.S. 145, 152-153 509 U.S. 579, 113-596 519 U.S. 172, 174 522 U.S. 136, 118-146 523 U.S. 303, 308 526 U.S. 137, 141-157 Circuit Courts 64 F.2d 641, 642 299 F.2d 847, 851 320 F.2d 462, 464 436 F.2d 1084, 1086 437 F.2d 570, 572 489 F.2d 1389, 1392 527 F.2d 1356, 1362 546 F.2d 670, 673 550 F.2d 505, 509 566 F.2d 884, 886 586 F.2d 513, 516 607 F.2d 92, 95-97 607 F.2d 1305, 1308-1309 624 F.2d 585, 588 634 F.2d 819, 830 641 F.2d 326, 329 653 F.2d 1002, 1006 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 692 F.2d 1345, 1351 736 F.2d 1103, 1108 738 F.2d 968, 970-971 743 F.2d 800, 818 757 F.2d 1193, 1204 758 F.2d 1474, 1477 765 F.2d 983, 995 766 F.2d 609, 617 775 F.2d 1577, 1581 806 F.2d 1479, 1485 830 F.2d 1574, 1578-1580 848 F.2d 1134, 1139 870 F.2d 1058, 1063 888 F.2d 732, 743-776 888 F.2d 806, 811 898 F.2d 1537, 1541 906 F.2d 597, 601 935 F.2d 1380, 1399 955 F.2d 1545, 1552-1558 960 F.2d 996, 1000 971 F.2d 717, 722 977 F.2d 624, 629 985 F.2d 1056 6 F.3d 924, 938-939 7 F.3d 648, 649-654 24 F.3d 159, 168 32 F.3d 1253, 1257 36 F.3d 1396, 1406-1407 43 F.3d 1311, 1316 53 F.3d 1184, 1192 61 F.3d 1038, 1045 66 F.3d 1378, 1385 73 F.3d 304, 307 80 F.3d 1074, 1078 107 F.3d 1147, 1160-1161 128 F.3d 802, 809 129 F.3d 1209, 1213 133 F.3d 809, 812 140 F.3d 915, 921 158 F.3d 548, 562-566 160 F.3d 661, 670 167 F.3d 146, 154-155 167 F.3d 1350, 1353 175 F.3d 906, 909-910 178 F.3d 257, 261 184 F.3d 1300, 1311-1321 192 F.3d 750, 758 203 F.3d 1160, 1168-1169 234 F.3d 136, 146 235 F.3d 1307, 1312 237 F.3d 1223, 1231-1232 253 F.3d 641, 662-669 265 F.3d 337, 345 272 F.3d 484, 486-487 297 F.3d 548, 556-557 298 F.3d 1253, 1256-1257 308 F.3d 913, 919 322 F.3d 1262 326 F.3d 1333, 1340-1342 338 F.3d 913, 918 344 F.3d 1293 377 F.3d 1317, 1333 128 F. Supp. 2d 1104, 1123 151 F. Supp. 2d 313, 356-357 171 F. Supp. 2d 473, 479-480 219 F. Supp. 2d 1, 8-9 Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Fed. R. Crim. P. 16(a)(1)(G) Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(a) Federal Rules of Evidence Fed. R. Evid. 102 Fed. R. Evid. 103(a) Fed. R. Evid. 104(a) Fed. R. Evid. 403 Fed. R. Evid. 702 Fed. R. Evid. 703