Authorities Cited: United States Code 42 U.S.C. § 1981 Supreme Court 95 U.S. 714, 724 311 U.S. 32, 40-43 362 U.S. 17, 80 366 U.S. 683, 689-690 395 U.S. 100, 110 402 U.S. 313, 328-329 422 U.S. 358, 373 439 U.S. 322, 327 440 U.S. 147, 199 446 U.S. 318, 326 449 U.S. 90, 95 457 U.S. 255, 268 465 U.S. 513, 529-530 485 U.S. 478 490 U.S. 755, 761-762 517 U.S. 793, 798-803 526 U.S. 160, 119-168 534 U.S. 279 Circuit Courts 405 F.2d 958 511 F.2d 453, 454-455 511 F.2d 710, 717 511 F.2d 1352, 1361-1362 546 F.2d 84, 97-100 578 F.2d 1002, 1008 594 F.2d 56 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 674 F.2d 1377 680 F.2d 23, 25 708 F.2d 582, 587 787 F.2d 1484, 1489-1490 805 F.2d 682, 691-694 813 F.2d 1539, 1542-1543 837 F.2d 1461, 1467 891 F.2d 1555 898 F.2d 1544, 1550 902 F.2d 918 951 F.2d 311, 314 991 F.2d 672, 675 10 F.3d 1286, 1291 56 F.3d 343 69 F.3d 1539, 1552 140 F.3d 1413, 1425 206 F.3d 1147, 1149 208 F.3d 1290, 1296 244 F.3d 1289, 1296 279 F.3d 419, 421 327 F.3d 1309, 1316 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 9