Authorities Cited: United States Code 17 U.S.C. § 106(3) 17 U.S.C. § 501 28 U.S.C. § 1331 28 U.S.C. § 1332 28 U.S.C. § 1338 28 U.S.C. § 1400(a) 46 U.S.C. § 688 Circuit Courts 106 F.2d 45, 52 152 F.2d 887, 888 417 F.2d 1290, 1292 549 F.2d 314, 324-325 678 F.2d 992, 1012 843 F.2d 67, 73 861 F.2d 1257, 1258 8 F.3d 441, 445-446 24 F.3d 1088, 1091 74 F.3d 253, 255 104 F.3d 328, 332 119 F.3d 1485, 1496 287 F.3d 1325 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(b)(1) Fed. R. Civ. P. 12 631 F. Supp. 39, 44 672 F. Supp. 1429, 1432-1433 782 F. Supp. 763, 772-773 879 F. Supp. 1200, 1207