Authorities Cited: United States Code 28 U.S.C. § 1331 38 U.S.C. § 7461(c)(1) Supreme Court 403 U.S. 388, 397 408 U.S. 564, 572 424 U.S. 319, 332 442 U.S. 228, 299 446 U.S. 14, 100 462 U.S. 367 484 U.S. 439, 455 487 U.S. 412, 421-429 498 U.S. 998 Circuit Courts 599 F.2d 56, 59-61 682 F.2d 1366, 1369 716 F.2d 847, 849 756 F.2d 1215 796 F.2d 1230, 1240 809 F.2d 1, 11 849 F.2d 484 859 F.2d 223 889 F.2d 959, 961-962 890 F.2d 73 901 F.2d 1571, 1573-1576 924 F.2d 525, 528 925 F.2d 311 928 F.2d 829, 843 73 F.3d 30, 34-35 91 F.3d 40, 44 145 F.3d 1272 257 F.3d 1249, 1256 318 F.3d 1023, 1025 321 F.3d 567, 569-570 351 F.3d 1045