Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 426 U.S. 438, 449-450 446 U.S. 680, 695-696 459 U.S. 375, 390 485 U.S. 224, 238 490 U.S. 477, 484 521 U.S. 642, 673 Circuit Courts 574 F.2d 90, 99 583 F.2d 1325, 1334-1335 661 F.2d 1206, 1207 681 F.2d 1318, 1322 730 F.2d 692, 700 967 F.2d 636, 648 970 F.2d 785 24 F.3d 1323, 1327 51 F.3d 623 97 F.3d 436, 439 121 F.3d 44 136 F.3d 709, 713 137 F.3d 1325 176 F.3d 1346 178 F.3d 1132, 1137 204 F.3d 1069, 1072 229 F.3d 68, 78-79 231 F.3d 791 296 F.3d 1210, 1220 304 F.3d 1144 346 F.3d 1335, 1343 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a)(1)