Authorities Cited: United States Code 18 U.S.C. § 1341 Supreme Court 471 U.S. 462, 472 477 U.S. 242, 249-252 509 U.S. 579, 113-594 526 U.S. 137, 152 Circuit Courts 597 F.2d 1014, 1018 671 F.2d 1276, 1280 684 F.2d 1365, 1369 701 F.2d 1365, 1374-1375 883 F.2d 923, 930 920 F.2d 1560, 1569 53 F.3d 1548, 1554 105 F.3d 1339, 1341 122 F.3d 997, 1005 145 F.3d 1430, 1432 177 F.3d 1272, 1305 193 F.3d 1316, 1322 215 F.3d 1083, 1087 240 F.3d 1317, 1319 242 F.3d 976, 987 268 F.3d 829, 846 289 F.3d 1283, 1287-1288 320 F.3d 1235, 1248-1249 326 F.3d 1333, 1340-1350 340 F.3d 1261, 1269 Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure Fed. R. App. P. 3(c) Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(B)(ii) Fed. R. App. P. 28(9)(A) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 51 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e) Federal Rules of Evidence Fed. R. Evid. 801(c)