Authorities Cited: Supreme Court 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 478 U.S. 265, 283 501 U.S. 350, 364 Circuit Courts 664 F.2d 965 667 F.2d 33, 34 876 F.2d 1526, 1530 881 F.2d 1570, 1573 7 F.3d 357, 371-372 12 F.3d 717, 718-720 45 F.3d 399, 400 54 F.3d 443, 446-447 69 F.3d 1539, 1551 82 F.3d 877, 881 116 F.3d 1441, 1444-1449 120 F.3d 211, 214 122 F.3d 363, 367 178 F.3d 1209, 1218 182 F.3d 799, 802 198 F.3d 823, 834 228 F.3d 154, 166 256 F.3d 1219, 1228-1229 260 F.3d 239 268 F.3d 1014, 1023 291 F.3d 1278, 1279 296 F.3d 1250, 1254 297 F.3d 1182, 1188 306 F.3d 1314, 1331 313 F.3d 1270, 1274 334 F.3d 1246, 1247-1251 335 F.3d 824, 830 341 F.3d 1253, 1256 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) 26 F. Supp. 2d 910, 923 273 F. Supp. 2d 351